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- SPACE, Page 76Nuclear Fears About GalileoThe Jupiter probe will carry 50 lbs. of radioactive plutonium
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- If the shuttle Atlantis lifts off this week from its Cape
- Canaveral launch pad as planned, astronomers will let out a
- long-delayed cheer. At last the Galileo mission, which has
- languished for more than a decade because of technical debates and
- the Challenger explosion, will be getting under way. Astronauts on
- Atlantis will release the Galileo spacecraft, setting it on a
- six-year, 2.5 billion-mile journey to Jupiter. There the probe will
- take the first direct measurements of the planet's dense clouds and
- hurricane-like winds.
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- Few doubt the scientific value of the Galileo flight.
- Nonetheless, a sharp controversy has dogged the mission. At issue
- is the space probe's power source: two radioisotope thermoelectric
- generators that are fueled by almost 50 lbs. of highly radioactive
- plutonium 238. Antinuclear groups, led by the Florida Coalition for
- Peace and Justice and the Washington-based Christic Institute, have
- claimed that the generators are unsafe. Their view is shared by
- Richard Cuddihy, an analyst with the Inhalation Toxicology Research
- Center in Albuquerque and the lone dissenter on the federal
- interagency panel that recommended a go-ahead for the Galileo
- program. Says Cuddihy: "The risks of the launch are greater than
- those originally estimated by the committee."
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- Opponents charge that a disaster during launch could spew large
- amounts of radioactive fallout throughout Florida and cause 2,000
- cases of lung, bone and liver cancer. The danger, they say, does
- not end with a successful takeoff. To gather momentum, the Galileo
- spacecraft will first make a swing around Venus and two around the
- earth before hurtling off to Jupiter. Critics are concerned that
- the vehicle could collide with the earth during close flybys in
- 1990 and 1992.
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- NASA used similar generators on 22 space missions, but no one
- paid much attention until the Challenger tragedy dramatized the
- risks of space launches. The space agency admits that there have
- been three accidents involving RTG-powered vehicles. The most
- significant was in 1964, when a satellite launched by the Air Force
- burned up over the Pacific, tripling the amount of radioactive
- plutonium 238 in the environment. It is not clear what health
- effects that might have had. The generators were then redesigned,
- and in two subsequent accidents in which spacecraft broke apart,
- no radioactivity is known to have escaped.
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- NASA has gone to extraordinary lengths to make sure the RTGs
- are safe. Each of the 144 plutonium pellets in the generators,
- designed by General Electric, is surrounded by an iridium shell.
- Coated pellets are then encased by two graphite shells and finally
- by an aluminum shroud. The U.S. Department of Energy has spent $50
- million testing the generators. In one experiment, engineers fired
- shrapnel traveling 700 ft. per sec. at the iridium casings. None
- was pierced. In another test, scientists tacked an RTG to a solid
- rocket booster and blew it up. No damaged graphite shells were
- detected.
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- Space officials calculate that the chances of plutonium being
- released in an aborted mission are no greater than 1 in 1,428.
- Declares Dudley McConnell, nuclear safety manager for NASA: "You
- have a thousand times greater chance of dying on the ground from
- debris falling from an airplane crash than you do from the Galileo
- mission." Critics, though, remain unconvinced by such assurances.
- For them, the only real comfort will come when Galileo is gone from
- earth.